INDONESIE

ACEH MONITORING MISSION

Duur: 15 september 2005 – 15 december 2006
Krijgsmachtdeel: Koninklijke Marechaussee
Aantal militairen: 5 (en 5 civiele waarnemers)

Achtergronden

Jarenlang had de vrijheidsbeweging GAM op Atjeh gestreden voor onafhankelijkheid van Indonesië. Deze strijd werd opgegeven na de vreselijke tsunamiramp op 26 december 2004 waarvan de Atjehse bevolking zwaar te leiden had. De Indonesische regering beloofde een grotere autonomie en niet minder belangrijk; Atjeh mocht een gedeelte van zijn eigen oliebronnen exploiteren. Een van de onderdelen van de Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was het inzamelen van de wapens van de GAM en de overplaatsing van het niet-organieke militaire en politiepersoneel.

De Aceh Monitoring Mission

De missie was samengesteld met personeel dat ervaring had op allerlei gebieden die noodzakelijk waren om de missie succesvol te laten zijn. AMM was een burger en geen militaire missie. De leden van de missie droegen geen wapens. Sommige waarnemers hadden een militaire achtergrond en dit was noodzakelijk om speciale technische opdrachten door de missie te laten uitvoeren. Alle waarnemers waren herkenbaar aan hun kleding die onder andere bestond uit een wit overhemd voorzien van een AMM logo. De waarnemers voerden hun taken uit door middel van patrouilles en door met beide partijen te spreken, verder voerden ze inspecties uit en deden onderzoeken wanneer dit werd gevraagd. De Aceh Monitoring Mission werd namens de EU geleid door mr. Pieter Feith met als doel het monitoren van de diverse aspecten van vredesverdrag zoals die door de Indonesische regering en de Vrij Atjeh Beweging (GAM) op 15 augustus 2005 in Helsinki was ondertekend. De Europese Unie stelde monitoren beschikbaar evenals de vijf ondersteunende landen van de ASEAN (Thailand, Maleisië, Brunei, de Filippijnen en Singapore). Ook Noorwegen en Zwitserland stelden monitoren beschikbaar. Na een korte interim periode sinds de ondertekening van de MOU, startte de AMM officieel op 15 september 2005 voor een periode van 6 maanden. De missie werd vervolgens verlengd tot 15 december 2006. De aanwezigheid van AMM kwam tot stand na een officiële uitnodiging van de Indonesische regering en met de volledige instemming van de leiders van de GAM. De AMM ondernam deze missie om te komen tot een vreedzame en duurzame oplossing van het conflict in Atjeh.. De EU en ASEAN respecteerden beide volledig de huidige territoriale integriteit van Indonesië en zagen de toekomst van Atjeh binnen de eenheidsstaat van de Republiek Indonesië. AMM was volstrekt neutraal en sprak geen voorkeur uit voor een van de partijen.

Doel van de missie

Het doel van de AMM was om de republiek Indonesie en de GAM bij te staan bij de uitvoering van de MOU. De AMM had geen onderhandelingsrol. Zou blijken dat dit gedurende het uitvoeringsproces noodzakelijk was dan zou dit de verantwoordelijkheid zijn van de twee partijen en de Voorzitter van het Crisis Management Initiative (CMI). Voor de laatste periode van de missie hield dit de volgende taken in:
- onderzoek en reageer op klachten en mogelijke schendingen van de MOU.
- Zet een goede samenwerking op met alle betrokken partijen en onderhoud deze.
Zoals was vastgelegd in de MOU overhandigde de GAM al zijn 840 wapens aan de AMM en ontmantelde de GAM op 27 december 2005 officieel zijn militaire vleugel (TNA). De Regering van Indonesië voldeed eveneens aan de voorwaarden door zijn niet organieke militairen en politiemensen terug te trekken. Het aantal militairen en politiemensen die in Atjeh achterblijven mogen een maximum hebben van 14.700 voor de TNI (militairen) en 9.100 voor de politie zoals was vastgelegd in de MOU. De AMM heeft ook toegezien op de situatie van de mensenrechten, het proces van de wettelijke veranderingen en de reïntegratie van GAM-leden. Ten gevolge van de positieve vooruitgang van het vredesproces en de zelfbewuste medewerking van de partijen heeft de AMM zijn aantal monitors in Atjeh terug kunnen brengen. Vanaf 15 september 2006 bestond de missie nog uit slechts 36 waarnemers. De AMM districtskantoren werden op 11 september 2006 gesloten en kwam er een mobiele waarneming vanuit Banda Atjeh beschikbaar die voor geheel Atjeh ingezet kon worden wanneer dit noodzakelijk mocht zijn. De kosten van de missie werden gefinancierd uit het EU-budget voor een bedrag van € 9.3 miljoen en door bijdrages van EU-landen en deelnemende landen voor een bedrag van € 6 miljoen. Het hoofd van de missie rapporteerde de Europese Gemeenschap via de Politieke en Veiligheidsraad en aan Javier Solana, de secretaris-generaal en hoge vertegenwoordiger van de EU over de stand van zaken met betrekking tot de AMM. Hij rapporteerde eveneens aan de CMI en de ondersteunende landen over mogelijke schendingen van de MOU.

Nederlandse deelname

Nederland had de eer om mr Pieter Feith als voorzitter van de missie te mogen leveren. Verder bestond de deelname aan de AMM uit 10 waarnemers (5 militair en 5 civiel). De totale sterkte van de missie bedroeg in het begin 230 personen. Na de verlenging leverde Nederland nog slechts 3 waarnemers.

Bron: Website Aceh Monitoring Mission

The Govemment of Indonesia (Gol) and the Free Aceh Movement (GAM) contirm their commitment to a peaceful, comprehensive and sustainable solution to the conflict in Aceh with dignity for all.

The parties commit themselves to creating conditions within which the govemment of the Acehnese people can be manifested through a fair and democratic process within the unitary state and constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.

The parties are deeply convinced that only the peaceful settlement of the conflict wil! Enable the rebuilding of Aceh after the tsunami disaster on 26 December 2004 to progress and succeed.

The parties to the conflict commit themselves to building mutual contidence and trust.

This Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) details the agreement and the principles that will guide the transformation process.

To this end the Gol and GAM have agreed on the following:

1 GOVERNING OF ACEH

1.1 Law on the Governing of Aceh

1.1.1 A new Law on the Governing of Aceh wil! be promulgated and wil! enter into force as soon as possible and not later than 31 March 2006.

1.1.2 The new Law on the Governing of Aceh wil! be based on the following principles:

a) Aceh wil! exercise authority within all sectors of public affairs, which will be administered in conjunction with its civil and judiciaI administration, except in the tields of foreign affairs, external defence. national security, monetary and tiscal matters. justice and freedom of religion. the policies of which belong to the Government of the Republic of Indonesia in conformity with the Constitution.

b) International agreements entered into by the Government of Indonesia which relate to matters of special interest to Aceh wil! be entered into in consultation with and with the consent of the legislature of Aceh.

c) Decisions with regard to Aceh by the legislature of the Republic of Indonesia will be taken in consultation with and with the consent of the legislature of Aceh

d) Administrative measures undertaken by the Government of Indonesia with regard to Aceh wil! be implemented in consultation with and with the consent of the head of the Aceh administration.

1.1.3 The name of Aceh and the titles of senior elected officials will be determined by the legislature of Aceh after the next elections

1.1.4 The borders of Aceh correspond to the borders as of 1 July 1956.

1.1.5 Aceh has the right to use regional symbois including a flag, a crest and a hymn.

1.1.6 Kanun Aceh will be re-established for Aceh respecting the historical traditions and customs of the people of Aceh and reflecting contemporary legal requirements of Aceh.

1.1.7 The institution of Wali Nanggroe with all its ceremonial attributes and entitlements wil! be established.

1.2 Political participation

1.2.1 As soon as possible and not later than one year from the signing of this MoU, GoI agrees to and wil! facilitate the establishment of Aceh-based political parties that meet national criteria. Understanding the aspirations of Acehnese people
for local political parties, Gol will create, within one year or at the latest 18 months from the signing of this MoU, the political and legal conditions for the establishment of local political parties in Aceh in consultation with Parliament. The timely implementation of this MoU wil! contribute positively to this end.

1.2.2 Upon the signature ofthis MoU, the people of Aceh will have the right to nominate candidates for the positions of all elected officials to contest the elections in Aceh in April 2006 and thereafter.

1.2.3 Free and fair local elections will be organised under the new Law on the Governing Aceh to elect the head of the Aceh administration and other elected officials in April 2006 as weil as the legislature of Aceh in 2009.

1.2.4 Until 2009 the legislature of Aceh will not be entitled to enact any laws without the consent of the head of the Aceh administration.

1.2.5 AII Acehnese residents will be issued new conventional identity cards prior to the elections of April 2006.

1.2.6 Full participation of all Acehnese people in local and national elections wil! be guaranteed in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.

1.2.7 Outside monitors wil! be invited to monitor the elections in Aceh. Local elections may be undertaken with outside technical assistance.

1.2.8 There will be full transparency in campaign funds.

1.3 Economy

1.3.1 Aceh has the right to raise funds with externalloans. Aceh has the rightto set interest rates beyond that set by the CentraI Bank of the Republic of Indonesia.

1.3.2 Aceh has the right to set and raise taxes to fund official internal activities. Aceh has the right to conduct trade and business internally and internationally and to seek foreign direct investment and tourism to Aceh.

1.3.3 Aceh will have jurisdiction over living natural resources in the territorial sea surrounding Aceh.

1.3.4 Aceh is entitled to retain seventy (70) per cent of the revenues from all current and future hydrocarbon deposits and other natural resources in the territory of Aceh as weil as in the territorial sea surrounding Aceh.

1.3.5 Aceh conducts the development and administration of all seaports and airports within the territory of Aceh.

1.3.6 Aceh wil! enjoy free trade with all other parts of the Republic of Indonesia unhindered by taxes, tariffs or other restrictions.
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1.3.7 Aceh wil! enjoy direct and unhindered access to foreign countries, by sea and air.

1.3.8 Gol commits to the transparency of the collection and allocation of revenues between the Central Government and Aceh by agreeing to outside auditors to verify this activity and to communicate the results to the head of the Aceh administration.

1.3.9 GAM wil! nominate representatives to participate fully at allievels in the commission established to conduct the post-tsunami reconstruction (BRR).

1.4 Rule of law

1.4.1 The separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary will be recognised.

1.4.2 The legislature of Aceh wil! redraft the legal code for Aceh on the basis of the universal principles of human rights as provided for in the United Nations International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

1.4.3 An independent and impartial court system, including a court of appeals, wil! be established for Aceh within the judicial system of the Republic of Indonesia.

1.4.4 The appointment of the Chief of the organic police forces and the prosecutors shall be approved by the head of the Aceh administration. The recruitment and training of organic police forces and prosecutors will take place in consultation
with and with the consent of the head of the Aceh administration in compliance with the applicable national standards.

1.4.5 AII civilian crimes committed by military personnel in Aceh will be tried in civil courts in Aceh.

2 HUMAN RIGHTS

2.1 Gol will adhere to the United Nations International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights and on Economic. Social and Cultural Rights.

2.2 A Human Rights Court will be established for Aceh.

2.3 A Commission for Truth and Reconciliation will be established for Aceh by the Indonesian Commission of Truth and Reconciliation with the task of formulating and determining reconciliation measures.

3 AMNESTY AND REINTEGRATION INTO SOCIETY

3.1 Amnesty
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3.1.1 Gol will, in accordance with constitutional procedures, grant amnesty to all persons who have participated in GAM activities as soon as possible and not later than within 15 days of the signature of this MoU.

3.1.2 Political prisoners and detainees held due to the conflict will be released unconditionally as soon as possible and not later than within 15 days of the signature of this MoU.

3.1.3 The Head of the Monitoring Mission wil! decide on disputed cases based on advice from the legal advisor of the Monitoring Mission.

3.1.4 Use of weapons by GAM personnel after the signature of this MoU will be regarded as a violation of the MoU and will disqualify the person from amnesty.

3.2 Reintegration into society

3.2.1 As citizens of the Republic of Indonesia, all persons having been granted amnesty or released from prison or detention wilt have all political, economic and sodal rights as weil as the right to participate freely in the political process both in Aceh and on the national level.

3.2.2 Persons who during the conflict have renounced their citizenship of the Republic of Indonesia will have the right to regain it.

3.2.3 Gol and the authorities of Aceh wil! take measures to assist persons who have participated in GAM activities to facilitate their reintegration into the civil society. These measures include economic facilitation to former combatants, pardoned
politicaI prisoners and affected civilians. A Reintegration Fund under the administration of the authorities of Aceh wil! be estabiished.

3.2.4 Gol will al/ocate funds for the rehabilitation of public and private property destroyed or damaged as a consequence of the conflict to be administered by the authorities of Aceh.

3.2.5 Gol will allocate suitable farming land as weil as funds to the authorities of Aceh for the purpose of facilitating the reintegration to society of the former combatants and the compensation for political prisoners and affected civilians.
The authorities of Aceh will use the land and funds as follows:

a) AII former combatants will receive an allocation of suitable farming land, employment or, in the case of incapacity to work, adequate social security from the authorities of Aceh.

b) AII pardoned political prisoners wil! receive an allocation of suitable farming land, employment or, in the case of incapacity to work, adequate social security from the authorities of Aceh.

c) AII civilians who have suffered a demonstrabie loss due to the conflict will receive an allocation of suitable farming land, employment or, in the case of incapacity to work, adequate social security trom the authorities of Aceh.

3.2.6 The authorities of Aceh and Gol will establish a joint Claims Settlement Commission to deal with unmet claims.

3.2.7 GAM combatants will have the right to seek employment in the organic police and organic military forces in Aceh without discrimination and in conformity with national standards.

4 SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS

4.1 AII acts of violence between the parties will end latest at the time of the signing of this MoU.

4.2 GAM undertakes to demobilise all of its 3000 military troops. GAM members will not wear uniforms or display military insignia or symbols after the signing of this MoU.

4.3 GAM undertakes the decommissioning of all arms, ammunition and explosives held by the participants in GAM activities with the assistance of the Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM). GAM commits to hand over 840 arms.

4.4 The decommissioning of GAM armaments wil! begin on 15 September 2005 and will be executed in four stages and concluded by 31 December 2005.

4.5 Gol will withdraw all elements of non-organic military and non-organic police forces from Aceh.

4.6 The relocation of non-organic military and non-organic police forces will begin on 15 September 2005 and wil! be executed in four stages in parallel with the GAM decommissioning immediately after each stage has been verified by the AMM,
and concluded by 31 December 2005.

4.7 The number of organic military forces to remain in Aceh after the relocation is 14.700 The number of organic police forces to remain in Aceh after the relocation is 9.100

4.8 There wilt be no major movements of military forces after the signing of this MoU. AII movements more than aplatoon size will require prior notification to the Head of the Monitoring Mission.

4.9 Gol undertakes the decommissioning of all iltegal arms, ammunition and explosives held by any possible illegal groups and parties.

4.10 Organic police forces will be responsible for upholding internallawand order in Aceh.

4.11 Military forces will be responsible for upholding external defence of Aceh. In normal peacetime circumstances, only organic military forces wilt be present in Aceh.

4.12 Members of the Aceh organic police force wil! receive special training in Aceh and overseas with emphasis on respect for human rights

5 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ACEH MONITORING MISSION

5.1 An Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) wil! be established by the European Union and ASEAN contributing countries with the mandate to monitor the implementation of the commitments taken by the parties in this Memorandum of Understanding.

5.2 The tasks of the AMM are to:

a) monitor the demobilisation of GAM and decommissioning of its armaments,
b) monitor the relocation of non-organic military forces and non-organic police troops,
c) monitor the reintegration of active GAM members,
d) monitor the human rights situation and provide assistance in this field,
e) monitor the process of legislation change,
f) rule on disputed amnesty cases,
g) investigate and rule on complaints and alleged violations of the MoU,
h) establish and maintain liaison and good cooperation with the parties.

5.3 A Status of Mission Agreement (SoMA) between Gol and the European Union will be signed after this MoU has been signed. The SoMA defines the status, privileges and immunities of the AMM and its members. ASEAN contributing
countries which have been invited by Gol will confirm in writing their acceptance of and compliance with the SoMA.

5.4 Gol wil! give all its support for the carrying out of the mandate of the AMM. To this end, Gol wilt write a letter to the European Union and ASEAN contributing countries expressing its commitment and support to the AMM.

5.5. GAM wiJlgive all its support for the carrying out of the mandate of the AMM. To this end, GAM wiJlwrite a letter to the European Union and ASEAN contributing countries expressing its commitment and support to the AMM.

5.6 The parties commit themselves to provide AMM with secure, safe and stabie workingconditions and pledge their full cooperation with the AMM.

5.7 Monitors wilt have unrestricted freedom of movement in Aceh. Only those tasks which are within the provisions of the MoU wil! be accepted by the AMM. Parties do not have a veto over the actions or control of the AMM operations.

5.8 Gol is responsible for the security of all AMM personnel in Indonesia. The mission personnel do not carry arms. The Head of Monitoring Mission may however decide on an exceptional basis that apatrol will not be escorted by Gol security forces. In that case, Gol will be informed and the Gol will not assume responsibility for the security of this patro!.

5.9 Gol will provide weapons collection points and support mobile weapons collection teams in collaboration with GAM.

5.10 Immediate destruction will be carried out after the collection of weapons and ammunitions. This process wilt be fully documented and publicised as appropriate.

5.11 AMM reports to the Head of Monitoring Mission who wil! provide regular reports to the parties and to others as required, as weil as to a designated person or office in the European Union and ASEAN contributing countries.

5.12 Upon signature of this MoU each party will appoint a senior representative to deal with all matters related to the implementation of this MoU with the Head of Monitoring Mission.

5.13 The parties commit themselves to a notification responsibility procedure to the AMM, including military and reconstruction issues.

5.14 Gol will authorise appropriate measures regarding emergency medical service and hospitalisation for AMM personnel.

5.15 In order to facilitate transparency, Gol will allow full access for the representatives of national and international media to Aceh.

6 DISPUTE SETTLEMENT

6.1 In the event of disputes regarding the implementation of this MoU, these will be resolved promptly as follows:

a) As a rule, eventual disputes concerning the implementation of this MoU will be resolved by the Head of Monitoring Mission, in dialogue with the parties, with all parties providing required information immediately. The Head of Monitoring Mission wil! make a ruling which will be binding on the parties.

b) If the Head of Monitoring Mission concludes that a dispute cannot be resolved by the means described above, the dispute wil! be discussed together by the Head of Monitoring Mission with the senior representative of each party. Following this, the Head of Monitoring Mission wil! make a ruling which will be binding on the parties.

c) In cases where disputes cannot be resolved by either of the means described above, the Head of Monitoring Mission wil! report directly to the Coordinating Minister for Political, Law and Security Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia, the political leadership of GAM and the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Crisis Management Initiative, with the EU PoliticaI and Security Committee informed. After consultation with the parties, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Crisis Management Initiative wil! make a ruling which will be binding on the parties.

Gol and GAM will not undertake any action inconsistent with the letter or spirit of this Memorandum of Understanding.

Signed in triplicate in Helsinki, Finland on the 15 of August in the year 2005.

On behalf of the Govemment of the Republic of Indonesia,

Hamid Awaludin
Minister of Law and Human Rights

On behalf of the Free Aceh Movement,

Malik Mahmud
Leadership

As witnessed by

Martti Ahtisaari

Former President of Finland
Chairman of the Board of Directars of the Crisis Management Initiative Facilitator of the negotiation process